Ancient Egypt is an ancient civilization in northeastern Africa. The ancient Egyptian civilization (1) was centered on the banks of the Nile River in what is now known as the Arab Republic of Egypt. Egyptian civilization began around the year 3150 BC. When King Menes (Narmer) united southern and northern Egypt together, it developed over the next three millennia. It historically comprised a series of politically stable kingdoms, interspersed with periods of relative instability called intermediate periods. Ancient Egypt reached the height of its civilization in the era of the New Kingdom, after which the country entered a period of slow decline. Egypt was attacked in that period by many foreign powers, and the rule of the ancient Egyptians officially ended when the Roman Empire invaded Egypt and made it one of its provinces. The ancient Egyptian civilization succeeded in the Nile River Valley, where it had all the ingredients for agriculture, including fertile soil, water, and a temperate climate. Forecasting floods and controlling their damage helped produce abundant agricultural crops that contributed to social and cultural development. With the availability of the necessary materials, the authorities extracted a lot of minerals found in the valley and the surrounding desert areas, wrote and developed an independent writing system in them, and organized collective construction and agricultural projects, in addition to trade with the surrounding areas of Egypt, and strengthening the military forces for military defense was necessary to resist the enemies of the outside, and confirm The domination of the Pharaonic families over the country. These activities were organized and stimulated by an elite group of bureaucrats, religious leaders and administrators under the control of the ruler of Egypt who was keen on cooperation and unity among Egyptians, in the context of a tight system of religious beliefs. The achievements of the ancient Egyptians included the exploitation of quarries, surveying and building techniques that facilitated the construction of huge pyramids, temples, and obelisks, as well as a practical and effective system of mathematics in medicine. Irrigation systems and agricultural production techniques, the first known ships, Egyptian faience and glass painting technology, new forms of literature, and the first known peace treaty. Ancient Egypt left a lasting legacy for all of humanity, and the ancient Greeks took a lot from it, followed by the Romans. The Egyptian civilization, art and architecture were copied and imitated on a large scale in the world, and its effects were transferred to far parts of the world. The ruins and remains inspired the imagination of travelers and writers for centuries, and discoveries at the beginning of the modern era about Egyptian antiquities and excavations led to scientific research of the Egyptian civilization that was manifested in a science called Egyptology, and more appreciation for its cultural heritage in Egypt and the world.