Climatology is the scientific study of climate, which is scientifically defined as the conditions of the weather over a period of time. This modern field of study is considered a branch of atmospheric sciences and a subfield of physical geography, which is one of the earth sciences. Climatology currently includes aspects of oceanography and biogeochemistry.

The primary methods climatologists rely on include meteorological analysis and modeling of the physical laws that determine climate. The study of climate diversity, the mechanisms of climate change, and modern climate change are among the main research topics. Basic knowledge of climate can be used for short-term weather forecasting, for example in climate cycles such as the Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO), North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), Arctic Oscillation (AO), and Ocean Decadal Oscillation Pacific Ocean Oscillation (PDO), and the Pacific Interdecadal Oscillation (IPO).

Climate models are used for many purposes, ranging from studying the kinematics of the weather and climate system to predicting long-term climate changes, their relationship and impact on the environment, oceans, plants, animal production, human health, population distribution, architecture, industry, air transport, marine navigation and other matters that affect the lives of various organisms on the planet. Earth.

Weather is defined as the state of the atmosphere over a period of time, while climate deals with the state of the atmosphere over an extended or indefinite period of time.