Neurotoxins and Fillers in Facial Esthetic Surgery

Chapter 1 Facial Anatomy and Patient Evaluation 1.1 Facial Anatomy 1.2 Anatomy of Facial Skin 1.3 Anatomy of the Superficial Fat Compartments 1.4 Anatomy of the Facial Fasciae 1.5 Anatomy of the Facial Mimetic Muscles 1.6 Anatomy of the Deep Facial Fat Compartments 1.7 Anatomy of the Ligamentous Structures (Retaining Ligaments) of the Face 1.8 The Blood Supply of the Face 1.9 The Aging Face 1.10 Patient Selection, Assessment, Records 1.11 Patient Selection and Assessment 1.12 Treatment SequencingReferences Chapter 2 Neurotoxins: The Cosmetic Use of Botulinum Toxin A 2.1 Botulinum Neurotoxins Introduction 2.2 Botulinum Toxins Physiology and Characteristics 2.3 Manufacturing Process 2.4 Clinical Usage 2.4.1 Age of Patient Treated 2.4.2 Storage and Preparation of BoNTA 2.4.3 Patient Preparation and General Injection Tips 2.4.4 Treatment Recommendations for Specific Areas 2.4.4.1 Glabella 2.4.4.2 Forehead 2.4.4.3 Crow's Feet - Lateral Orbital Lines 2.4.4.4 Indirect Browlift 2.4.4.5 Correcting Brow Asymmetry 2.4.4.6 Other Midface Techniques: Bunny Lines2.4.4.7 Perioral Modifications with BoNTA 2.4.4.8 Treatment of Platysmal Bands 2.5 Treating Facial Asymmetries Secondary to Muscle Paralysis 2.6 Post-treatment Recommendations and Complications 2.7 Conclusion References Chapter 3 Cosmetic Fillers 3.1 History of Cosmetic Fillers 3.1.1 Emergence of Autologous Fillers 3.1.2 Emergence of Non‐autologous Fillers 3.1.2.1 Silicones 3.1.2.2 Bovine Collagen 3.1.2.3 Porcine Collagen 3.1.2.4 Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) 3.1.2.5 Hyaluronic Acid 3.1.2.6 Dextran Beads in Hyaluronic Acid 3.1.2.7 Poly-l-lactic Acid3.1.2.8 Calcium Hydroxylapatite 3.1.2.9 Polyvinyl Microspheres Suspended in Polyacrylamide 3.1.2.10 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 3.1.2.11 Polyoxyethylene and Polyoxypropylene 3.2 Classification 3.2.1 Biodegradable Facial Fillers 3.2.2 Autologous and Allogeneic Facial Fillers 3.2.3 Xenograft Facial Fillers 3.2.4 Synthetic Facial Fillers 3.2.5 Nonbiodegradable Facial Fillers 3.3 Ease of Use 3.4 Benefits 3.5 Complications References Chapter 4 Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Fillers 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Hyaluronic Acid 4.3 Available Products 4.4 Clinical Indications4.5 Injection Techniques 4.6 Selection Process 4.7 Reversibility of HA Fillers 4.8 Clinical Scenarios 4.8.1 Nasolabial Grooves 4.8.2 Lips 4.8.3 Tear Troughs 4.8.4 Glabella 4.9 Post-Injection Instructions 4.10 Longevity of HA Fillers 4.11 Conclusion References Chapter 5 Radiesse™ Calcium Hydroxylapatite Injectable Filler 5.1 Treatmentin Practice References Chapter 6 Pearls and Pitfalls of Neurotoxins and Facial Fillers 6.1 Pearls and Pitfalls in Neurotoxin Use 6.2 Neurotoxin Preparation and Storage 6.3 Choice of Syringes and Needles